Face recognition / Reconnaissance du visage

Face recognition uses mainly the following techniques:

La reconnaissance du visage (ou reconnaissance faciale) utilisent principalement les techniques suivantes:

Facial geometry / Géométrie du visage

Many different methods based on geometrical characteristics of the face have been developped such as "local feature analysis", "Eigenface or Principal Component Analysis", ...

Skin pattern recognition / Reconnaissance de la peau

Delean Vision (now Identix) developped Visual Skin Print, that uses pattern matching of the face skin.
Visual Skin Print™ relies on standard hardware - most web-cams and higher resolution mass-market video cameras, connected to a PC, will work. Visual Skin Print™ is based on a simple yet powerful idea: using the details of the skin for authentication.

Facial thermogram / Thermogramme du visage

Facial thermogram requires an (expensive) infrared camera to detect the facial heat patterns that are unique to every human being. Technology Recognition Systems worked on that subject in 1996-1999. Now disappeared.
Le thermogramme du visage requiert une caméra infrarouge (chère) pour détecter la répartition de température du visage particulière à chaque être humain. Technology Recognition Systems travailla sur ce thème vers 1996-1999, maintenant disparu.

"Face Recognition in Hyperspectral Images" (Zhihong Pan, Glenn Healey, Manish Prasad, Bruce Tromberg, 2003) is an article describing a variant using several wavelentghs.

In 2002, Infrared Identification (IRID) got a NIST project using Mikron Infrared cameras.

Side effect: can detect lies
The image on the left shows his normal facial thermogram, and the image on the right shows the temperature changes when he lied.
L'image de gauche montre un thermogramme du visage sous conditions normales, et l'image de droite lors d'un mensonge, montrant les changements de température.

from Think thermally may 2002

Smile recognition / Reconnaissance du sourire

The Stony Brook university system relies on probing the characteristic pattern of muscles beneath the skin of the face.
Guan takes two snaps of a person in quick succession, asking subjects to smile for the camera. He then uses a computer to analyse how the skin around the subject's mouth moves between the two images. The software does this by tracking changes in the position of tiny wrinkles in the skin, each just a fraction of a millimetre wide.
The data is used to produce an image of the face overlaid with tiny arrows that indicate how different areas of skin move during a smile. This movement is controlled by the pattern of muscles under the skin, and is not affected by the presence of make-up or the size of the subject's smile. The system is sensitive enough to produce such a map from muscle twitches even when people are trying to keep their expression unchanged.
Note: tested on 4 subjects (!).

L'université de Stony Brook met au point un système qui lit les plis de la peau provoqués par les muscles de la face lorsque l'on sourit.
Guan prend rapidement deux photos successives en demandant de sourire. Puis il analyse les mouvements de la peau autours de la bouche, de l'ordre du mm.
L'image du visage est recouvert par de petites flèches qui indiquent les mouvements relevés en souriant. Ces mouvements sont controlés par les muscles sous la peau, peu susceptibles d'être affectés par le maquillage ou l'amplitude du sourire. Le système serait suffisamment sensible pour mesurer les changements même si le sujet essaye de garder son expression inchangée.
Nota: test réalisé sur 4 sujets (!).

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